EVOLUTION, COOPERATION & ETHICS

Political Science 439/539

Tuesday & Thursday 2:00pm to 3:20pm

John Orbell, jorbell@uoregon.edu

Office hours: UH 8am-10am, and by appointment, 927 PLC

INTRODUCTION

What is the relevance of modern evolutionary psychology for the roots of human political and social behaviorCin particular, cooperative and ethically-bound behaviors? Classic and modern political and ethical theories (e.g., Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Rawls, as well as Modern Political Economy and much Feminist theory) are, characteristically, founded on assumptions about human nature. Evolutionary psychology lets us evaluate those assumptions and, therefore, provides a basis from which such theories can be reassessed.

SOME INTERESTING WEB SITES.

http://157.242.64.83/index.htm Human Behavior and Evolution Newsletter

http://hbes.homepage.com/ Human Behavior and Evolution Society homepage

http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/psychology/ehb/ehb.htm. The journal Evolution and Human Behavior

http://cpnss.lse.ac.uk/darwin/evo/ The Evolutionist

http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/colloq/cosmides1/ Some interesting talks by Cosmides and Tooby...

http://www.cwu.edu/~cwuchci/chimpcam-east.html A viewing camera for chimpanzees at a primate center in Washington.

http://www.ksbe.state.ks.us/outcomes/science_12799.html This is the Kansas State Board of Education=s curricular standards for science educationCjust to give equal time.

http://www.sfu.ca/~janicki/ What is evolutionary psychology? The Simon Fraser University Evolutionary Psychology Research Group Home Page

REQUIREMENTS

1. One midterm test. About one week before this test, I will hand out a set of study questions devilishly designed to cover all the ideas put forward to that point in the required reading. At the time of the test, I will select three questions from this list randomly, and you should write essay answers on two of those. This test will be worth 20% of your total grade.

2. Two brief (no more than four page) written responses to questions I will pose. These are Aat home@ tests, and you=re welcome to use the class materials when answering them. I=m interested in your response to some of the themes raised in the materials, and in giving you a different form of test than an in-class essay exam. I will be very concerned with the quality of your writing in these exercises. These will each be worth 15% of your final grade. One will be due early, and one late in the term.

3. A final examination. This will be organized in the same way as the midterm, except that I will sample five questions and you should write on four of those. This will be worth 50% of your grade.

4. (Graduate students only) Periodic abstract reports to the class. One way of exposing you to more ideas than you actually read is to have other students read and abstract papers (or chapters) and present those abstracts to the class as a whole.

5. OPTIONAL: Extra credit (up to 10%) for a plausible Areverse engineering@ analysis of my AToda's Indicator.@ More specifics to be given in class.

READING

Texts: Darwin=s Dangerous Idea by Daniel Dennett, Simon and Schuster.

The Mating Mind; How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human

Nature, by Geoffrey Miller

Package: Required weekly reading available from the bookstore.

Reading is organized by week (below), with the Afor abstracting@ weekly list being papers from which graduate students can select papers to according to their interest.

WEEKLY ASSIGNMENTS

WEEK ONE: OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND

Daniel Dennett, Darwin=s Dangerous Idea, chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

WEEK TWO: OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND, CONTINUED

Daniel Dennett, Darwin=s Dangerous Idea, chapters 8, 9, From Chapter 10, pp. 282-299 (on punctuated equilibrium), 16 (AOn the Origin of Morality@)

WEEK THREE: EVOLUTION AND ALTRUISM

Trivers, Robert. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, vol 46, March 1971, 35-57.

Axelrod, Robert. The Evolution of Cooperation, Chapter 2 "The success of TIT FOR TAT in computer tournaments." pp 27-55.

Frank, Robert. Passions within Reason. Chapter 3. "A Theory of Moral Sentiments." Pp. 43-70.

Humphrey, Nicholas, 2000. “Varieties of Altruism and the common ground between them.@ This is available on Humphrey=s site at:

http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00000843/index.html.

WEEK FOUR: COGNITION AND COOPERATION

Orbell, John and Dawes, Robyn. 1991. "A Cognitive Miser Theory of Cooperators' Advantage." American Political Science Review, June, 515-528.

Orbell, John and Dawes, Robyn. 1993. "Social Welfare, Cooperators' Advantage, and the Option of Not Playing the Game." American Sociological Review, 58: 787-800.

Orbell, John, Morikawa, Tomonori, Hartwig, Jason, Hanley, James and Allen, Nicholas, February 2004. AMachiavellian intelligence= as a basis for the Evolution of Cooperative Dispositions.@ American Political Science Review

WEEK FIVE: VIOLENCE, DECEIT, PREJUDICE AND DEATHCTHE DARK SIDE

Daly, Martin and Margo Wilson. Homicide. Chapter 2: "Killing Kinfolks" and Chapter 4, "Killing Children: II Parental Homicide in the Modern West." Pp17-36, and 61-94.

Trivers, Robert. Social Evolution. Chapter 16: "Deceit and Self-Deception." pp. 395-421.

Fox, Robyn. 1992. "Prejudice and the Unfinished Mind: A New Look at an Old Failing. Psychological Inquiry. vol 3 #2, 137-152.

WEEK SIX: CULTURE, NORMS AND RULES

Donald Campbell, On the conflict between biological and social evolution, and between psychology and moral tradition. American Psychologist, December 1975, 1103-1126.

Daniel Dennett, Darwin=s Dangerous Idea, chapter 12, AThe Cranes of Culture.@

Tooby, John and Leda Cosmides. Selection from: "The Psychological Foundations of Culture." The Adapted Mind. Chapter 1, pp. 19-77.

WEEK SEVEN: BASES FOR HUMAN INTELLIGENCE?

Humphrey, N.K. "The Social Function of Intellect." in Growing Points in Ethology, Edited by P.P.G. Bateson and R.A. Hinde, Cambridge University Press, 1976. pp 303-317

Miller, Geoffrey, The Mating Mind (Text), chapter 3, AThe Runaway Brain;@ chapter 4, AA mind fit for Mating;@ Chapter 5, AOrnamental Genius;@ chapter 6; ACourtship in the Pleistocene.@

WEEK EIGHT: ART, STORY TELLING, VERBAL GAMES AND SEXUAL SELECTION

Trivers, R. Social Evolution, chapter 9: "Parental Investment and Sexual Selection" pp. 203-238.

Miller, G. The Mating Mind, chapter 7; ABodies of Evidence; chapter 8, AArts of Seduction;@

WEEK NINE: BIOLOGY & ETHICSC : A NATURALISTIC FALLACY?

Miller, G. The Mating Mind, chapter 9 AVirtues of Good Breeding@; chapter 10 ACyrano and Scheherazade;@ chapter 11, AThe Wit to Woo.@

Daniel Dennett, Darwin=s Dangerous Idea, Chapter 16, AOn the Origin of Morality,@ chapter 17, (ARedesigning Morality@);

WEEK TEN: GOOD BEHAVIOR

De Waal, Frans. Peacemaking among Primates. Chapter 2, "Chimpanzees" pp. 35-87. NOT IN PACKAGE BECAUSE OF PUBLISHER=S DENIAL; ON RESERVE IN LIBRARY;

De Waal, Frans. Good Natured. Chapters 5 & 6. "Getting Along," and "Conclusion." NOT IN PACKAGE BECAUSE OF PUBLISHER=S DENIAL; ON RESERVE IN LIBRARY.

Mayr, Ernst. 1997. This is Biology: The Science of the Living World. Chapter 12, ACan Evolution Account for Ethics?@ pp. 248-270.

The following are papers that I=ve collected and organized broadly around the weekly topics. Graduate students should select from this list for their abstracts to be presented to the class throughout the term.

WEEK ONE: OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND

Cosmides, Leda and Tooby, John. AEvolutionary Psychology; a Primer.@ This can be downloaded from the Evolution and Human Behavior site at http://hbes.homepage.com/

Tooby, John. The most Testable Concept in Biology, part I. Available on web at: http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/viewfall99.html.

Kanazawa, Satoshi, August 2000. AThe Savanna Principle.@ Manuscript, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705-1087

Buss, David M. 1999. Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Cosmides, Leda and Tooby, John. Evolutionary Psychology and the Emotions. Forthcoming in Handbook of Emotions, 2^nd Edition, M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland-Jones, editors. Available on web at: http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/emotion.html/.

Humphrey, Nicholas, AGreat Expectations: The Evolutionary Psychology of Faith-Healing and the Placebo Effect.@ Keynote Address, XXVII International Congress of Psychology, Stockholm, July 2000. Http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/docume...78/cog00001078-00/placebopaper3.htm.

Somit, Albert and Peterson, Steven A. 1998. AReview Article: Biopolitics After Three DecadesCa Balance Sheet. British Journal Of Political Science 28: 559-571.

Wright, Robert. 1999. AThe Accidental Creationist: Why Stephen Jay Gould is bad for evolution.@ Atlantic Monthly, December 1999, pp. 56-65.

Jared Diamond, 1997. Guns, Germs and Steel. New York, W.W. Norton. Especially epilogue, AThe Future of Human History as a Science.@

Futuyma, Douglas J (Editorial Chair). A Evolution, Science and Society: Evolutionary Biology and the National Research Agenda.@ Updated working draft. Http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~ecolevol/fulldoc.html

Nicholson, Nigel. 1997. AEvolutionary Psychology: Toward a New View of Human Nature and Organizational Society.@ The Tavistock Institute, pp 1053

Wilson, E.O. 1998 (winter). AResuming the Enlightenment Quest@ Wilson Quarterly: pp. 16-27. And critical of this: Rorty, Richard, AAgainst Unity@ pp. 28-38; and in support of Wilson, Gross, Paul A. AThe Icarian Impulse,@ pp. 39-49.

Mayr, Ernst. 1997. This is Biology: The Science of the Living World. Chapter 2, AWhat is Science?@ and chapter 3, AHow does Biology Explain the Natural World?@ Pp. 24-78.

Hooper, Judith. 1999. AA New Germ Theory.@ Atlantic Monthly, February 1999. Pp. 41-53

Buss, David M. "Evolutionary Psychology: A New Paradigm for Psychological Science. In Psychological Inquiry, 1995, vol 6 No. 1, pp 1-30. (There are also extended commentaries by various luminaries following this paper.)

Winterhalder, Bruce, and Smith, Eric Alden. 1992. AEvolutionary Ecology and the Social Sciences.@ Pp. 3-24 in Winterhalder and Alden, Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Darwin, Charles. The Origin of the Species. The first five chapters and chapter 9 "Recapitulation and conclusion."

Dawkins, Richard. Climbing Mount Improbable.1996. Chapter 2 "Silken Fetters."

Weiner, Jonathan. 1995. The Beak of the Finch. In particular, chapter 5, "A special providence."

Donald Symons. "On the Use and Misuse of Darwinism in the Study of Human Behavior." in Barkow, Cosmides and Tooby, The Adapted Mind, pp. 137-162.

Wilson, E.O. 1995. "Science and Ideology." Academic Questions.

Elster, Jon. 1989. The Cement of Society. Chapter 2 "Collective Action." pp 17-49.

Mayr, Ernst. 1991. One Long Argument: Charles Darwin and the Genesis of Modern Evolutionary Thought. Chapter 6, "Darwin's Path to the Theory of Natural Selection." Pp. 68-89.

Williams, George. 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection. Chapter 1. Introduction.

Rotello, Gabriel. 1994. "The Birth of Aids." Out, April, p. 88.

Dawkins, Richard. "In Defense of selfish genes." Philosophy, 56: 1981. 556-573.

Simon, Herbert. 1983. Reason in Human Affairs. Chapter 2. "Rationality and Teleology" pp 37-74.

Tooby, John and Leda Cosmides. 1990. "On the Universality of Human Nature and the Uniqueness of the Individual: The Role of Genetics and Adaptation." Journal of Personality 58:1pp17-67.

Donald T. Campbell. 1974. "Evolutionary Epistemology." In The Philosophy of Karl Popper, edited by P.A. Schilpp, pp413-63; also in Donald Campbell, Methodology and Epistemology for Social Science; Selected Papers, University of Chicago Press.

Gopnik, Alison. 1998. AExplanation as Orgasm.@ Minds and Machines 8: 101-118.

WEEK TWO: OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND, CONTINUED

Cosmides, Leda and John Tooby. "Better than Rational: Evolutionary Psychology and the Invisible Hand." In American Economic Association; Papers and Proceedings, May 1994, pp327-332

Vanberg, Viktor, 2002. ARational Choice vs. program-based behavior: Alternative theoretical approaches and their relevance for the study of institutions. Rationality and Society, vol 14, Feb 2002, pp. 7-54.

Corning, Peter A. 2000. Biological Adaptation in Human Societies: A 'Basic Needs' Approach. Journal of Bioeconomics 2:41-86.

Sidanius, James, and Robert Kurzban, AEvolutionary Approaches to Political Psychology@, forthcoming in Handbook of Political Psychology.

Pinker, Steven. 1997. How the Mind Works. In particular, chapters 6 & 7, AHotheads,@ and AFamily Values.@ New York: W.W. Norton.

Maynard Smith, J. 1984. "Game Theory and the Evolution of Behavior" in Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7: 95-125. (Including the Open Peer Commentary to follow).

Dawkins, Richard. The Blind Watchmaker: Why the evidence of evolution reveals a universe without design. Chapter 3, "Accumulating Small Change." Pp 43-74.

Robert Trivers. Social Evolution. Chapter 2: "Natural Selection." Pp. 19-40.

Schwartz, Barry. The Battle for Human Nature. Chapters 4 and 7, "Evolutionary Biology and Human Nature," and "The Limits of Evolutionary Biology."

Williams, George. 1966. Evolution and Natural Selection. Chapter 4, "Group Selection" and Chapter 9, "The Scientific Study of Adaptation."

Wilson, David Sloan. "Levels of Selection: An Alternative to Individualism in Biology and the Human Sciences." In Elliot Sober (ed.), Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, pp. 143-154.

Cosmides, Leda and John Tooby. "From Evolution to Behavior: Evolutionary Psychology as the Missing Link." In The latest on the Best, by John Dupré (ed.) pp. 277-306.

Campbell, Donald T. Rationality and utility from the standpoint of evolutionary biology," The Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory, in R.M. Hogarth and H.J. Einhorn (Eds.), 1986.

Cosmides, Leda, and Tooby, John. 1998. AEvolutionary Psychology: A Primer.@ On the Evolution and Human Behavior web site, at http://www.psych.uscb.edu/research/cep/primer.htm.

WEEK THREE: EVOLUTION AND ALTRUISM

Ruffle, Bradley J., and Richard H. Sosis. 2002. Does Religious Ritual Promote Cooperation? Field Experiments on Israeli Religious and Secular Kibbutzim. Preliminary draft.

Simpson, Brent. 2003. ASex, Fear, and Greed: A Social Dilemma Analysis of Gender and Cooperation. Social Forces, September, 82 (1) 35-52

Simon, H. "A Mechanism for Social Selection and Successful Altruism." Science, 250, December 1990, 1665-1668

Rachlin, Howard, AAltruism and Selfishness.@ Forthcoming in Brain and Behavioral Science. Available on the web at: http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/Rachlin/Referees/

Ostrom, Elinor. 1997. AA Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action.@ American Political Science Review 92: 1-22.

Vanberg, V., and Congleton, R. 1992. Rationality, Morality and Exit." American Political Science Review, 418-431.

Frank, Robert. Passions within Reason. Chapters 1 and 2. "Beyond Self-Interest," "The Altruism Paradox," Pp. 1-42.

Mulford, Matthew, Orbell, John, Shatto, Catherine and Stockard, Jean. Physical Attractiveness, Opportunity, and Success in Everyday Exchange. American Journal of Sociology 103; 1565-1592.

Mealey, Linda, Daood, Christopher and Krage, Michael. 1996. "Enhanced Memory for Faces of Cheaters. Ethology and Sociobiology: 17, 2, 119-128.

Cosmedes, L. 1989. "The Logic of Social Exchange: Has Natural Selection Shaped How Humans Reason?" Cognition, 31: 169-93.

L. Caporael, R. Dawes, J. Orbell and A. van de Kragt. ASelfishness examined: Cooperation in the absence of egoistic incentives.@ Behavioral and Brain Science, vol 12, no 4, December 1989, pp 683-738.

Hardin, Garret, "Nice guys finish last." Chapter 9 in Gregory, M. Silvers, A., and Sutch, D., (Jossey-Bas Publishers), pp183-194.

de Waal, Frans. 1989. Peacemaking among Primates. Chapter 2: "Chimpanzees" (pp 35-88) and Chapter 6 "Humans" (pp 229-272.)

Kollock, Peter. "An Eye for an Eye Leaves Everyone Blind: Cooperation and Accounting Systems." American Sociological Review, vol 58 (6) 768-786

Hamilton, William. D. 1964. "The Evolution of Social Behavior." Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1-52.

Trivers, R. Social Evolution, chapter 15: "The Evolution of Cooperation"

Milinski, Manfred, 1993, July. "Cooperation Wins and Stays." Nature, vol 364. p. 12.

Nowak, Martin and Sigmund, Karl. 1993. "A Strategy of Win-Stay, Lose-Shift that Outperforms Tit-for-Tat in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game" Nature vol 364: p. 56.

Dominating strategies. From Robyn Dawes, Rational Choice in an Uncertain World, chapter 9, pp 178-199. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988.

Lomborg, Bjorn. 1994. "The structure of solutions in the iterated prisoner's dilemma." Institute of Political Science; University of Copenhagen. Unpublished manuscript.

Glance, N.S. and Huberman, B.A. 1993. "The dynamics of Social Dilemmas" Scientific American March, p. 76.

Kraines, David and Kraines, Vivian. 1989. "Pavlov and the Prisoner's Dilemma." Theory and Decision 26: 47-79.

Bateson, Patrick. 1988. "The Biological Evolution of Cooperation and Trust." in Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, Diego Gambetta (ed.), pp 14-30.

de Waal, Frans. 1982. Chimpanzee Politics. Chapters 3 & 5, "Restless Stability" and "Social Mechanisms." pp 141-154 and 181-108

Wilson, Edward O. 1975. Sociobiology chapter 27, "Man: From Sociobiology to Sociology"

Trivers, R. Social Evolution, Chapter 3. "Elementary Social Theory" pp 41-61.

Masters, Roger D. 1989. The Nature of Politics. Yale University Press. Chapter 1 "Animal Behavior and Human Altruism" and Chapter 7 "The Biology of Social Participation."

Wilson, E.O., Introduction: What is Sociobiology? Chapter 1 in Silvers, A., and Sutch, D., (eds) Sociobiology and Human Nature, 1978, S.F.: Jossey Bass.

Trivers, Robert. Sociobiology and Politics, chapter 1 from Sociobiology and Human Politics, Elliott White (ed.), D.C. Heath and Co, 1981.

Murphy, Jeffrey, G. 1982. Evolution, Morality and the Meaning of Life. Totowa: New Jersey, Rowman and Littlefield.

WEEK FOUR: COGNITION AND COOPERATION

Angier, Natalie, New York Times, Why we=re so nice: We=re wired to cooperate. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/23/health/psychology/23COOP.html?ei=1&en=9c25

Humphrey, Nicholas. 2000. Varieties of Altruism and the Common Ground between them. http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/08/43/cog00000843-00/Altruism.htm

Sapolsky, Robert M. 1997. AThe Greying of the Troop.@ Pp. 116-173 in Robert M. Sapolsky, The Greying of the Troop. New York: Scribner.

Macey, Michael W. and Skvoretz, John. 1998. AThe Evolution of Trust and Cooperation Between Strangers: A computational model. American Sociological Review 63: 638660

Dunbar, Robin. 1998. AThe Social Brain Hypothesis.@ Evolutionary Anthropology 6 (5): 178-190.

Falk, Dean. 1987. AHominid Paleoneurology.@ Annual Review of Anthropology 16: 13-30.

Lubell, Mark and Scholz, John T. 2001. ACooperation, Reciprocity, and the Collective-Action Heuristic.@ American Journal of Political Science 45 (1): 160-178.

Aiello, Leslie C. & Wheeler, Peter. 1995. AThe Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis; The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution.@ Current Anthropology 36(2): 199-221.

Gambetta, Diego. 1994. "Inscrutable Markets." Rationality and Society. Vol 6: 353-368.

Hirschman, Albert. Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Especially Chapter 2 "Exit"

Caporael, Linnda R. 1997. AThe Evolution of Truly Social Cognition: The Core Configurations Model.@ Personality and Social Psychology Review 1: 276-298.

Orbell, John, Schwartz-Shea, Peregrine, and Simmons, Randy. 1983. "Do Cooperators Exit More Readily than Defectors?" American Political Science Review:

Nowak, Martin A. and May, Robert M. 1993. "Evolutionary Games and Spatial Chaos." Nature: 359, October, 825.

Stanley, E. Ann, Ashlock, Dan and Tesfatsion, Leigh. 1993. "Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with Choice and Refusal of Partners." Iowa State University: Economic Report Series.

Campbell, Donald T. "The two distinct routes beyond kin selection to ultrasociality: Implications for the Humanities and Social Sciences." In Diane L. Bridgeman (Ed.), The Nature of Prosocial Development, Academic Press: New York, 1983, 11-41.

Campbell, Donald T. "Ethnocentric and other Altruistic Motives," In David Levine (Ed.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln: Universtiy of Nebraska Press. 1965.

Silk, Joan B. 2001. Grunts, Girneys, and Good Intentions: The Origins of Strategic Commitment in Nonhuman Primates. In Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment, edited by R. M. Nesse. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

WEEK FIVE: VIOLENCE, DECEIT, PREJUDICE AND DEATHCTHE DARK SIDE

Humphrey, Nicholas, AFollow My Leader.@ http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00002218/00/24._FollowMyLeader.htm

Kurzban, Robert, Tooby, John and Cosmides, Leda. ACan Race be Erased? Coalitional Computation and Social Categorization.@ Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA, Vol., 98 Issue 26 15387-15392, December 18 2001.

On line at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/26/15387.

Campbell, Ann. 2001. AStaying alive: Evolution, culture and women=s intra-sexual aggression.@ Forthcoming in Behavioral and Brain Science; available on the web at: http://www.bbsonlinelorg/documents/a/00/00/04/40/bbs00000440-00/bbs.campbell.html.

Corning, Peter A. 2001. Synergy Goes to War: An Evolutionary Theory of Collective Violence. Paper read at Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, at Charleston, SC.

Corning, Peter A. 2000. The Sociobiology of Democracy: Is Authoritarianism in Our Genes? Politics and the Life Sciences 10:103-108.

Ekman, Paul. 1985/92. Telling Lies: Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Smith, Maynard J. 1973. AThe Logic of Animal Conflict.@ Nature 246: 15-18

Roach, Mary. 1998. AWhy Men Kill.@ Discover December 1998. Pp10-108

Mahurin, Matt. 1998. AWhy Men Kill.@ Discover December: 10-108.

Grossman, Dave. 1995. On Killing. Little Brown & Company.

Tooby, John and Cosmides, Leda . 1988. AThe Evolution of War and its Cognitive Foundations.@ Institute for Evolutionary Studies Technical Report 88-1.

Olshansky, Jay S., Carnes, Bruce A., and Grahn, Douglas. 1998. AConfronting the Boundaries of Human Longevity.@ American Scientist 86, 52-61.

Gambetta, Diego. 1988. "Mafia: The Price of Distrust" in Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, Diego Gambetta (ed.), pp 159-175

Bone, James L. 1992. ACompetition, Conflict an Development of Social Hierarchies.@ Pp. 269-600 in Smith, Eric Alden and Winterhaler, Bruce, Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Robert Wright, 1995. "The Biology of Violence; Is the inner-city violence a response to the social ravages of poverty, or a biochemical syndrome that may be remedied with drugs? ...a school of new Darwinians is proposing an answer that will unsettle both sides." New Yorker March.

Banfield, Edward C. The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. New York: The Free Press. Chapter 5 "A predictive hypothesis" pp 83-107.

Orbell, John, Langche Zeng, and Matthew Mulford. 1996. Individual Experience and the Fragmentation of Societies. American Sociological Review 61:1018-1032.

Pagden, Anthony. 1988. "The Destruction of Trust and its Economic Consequences in the Case of Eighteenth-century Naples." in Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, Diego Gambetta (ed.), pp 127-141.

WEEK SIX: CULTURE, NORMS AND RULES

Maurice Block, and Dan Sperber, 2001. Kinship and evolved psychological dispositions: The Mother=s Brother controversy reconsidered. On the Web at Cogprints: http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/18/85/cog00001885-00/mother-s-brother.htm.

Rendell, Luke, Whitehead, Hal, 2001. ACulture in whales and Dolphins. Behavioral and Brain Science 24 (3) xxx-xxx. Available at: http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/bbs/Archive/bbs.rendell.html

Modeling the Emergence of Possession Norms using Memes. In Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, vol 4., no. 4, on the web at: http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS/4/4/3.html.

Dunbar, Robin, Chris Knight and Camilla Power, The Evolution of Culture, Rutgers University Press, 1999.

Blackmore, Susan, 2000. AThe Power of Memes@ in Scientific American, October 2000, pp. 62-73 (including responses by other authors arguing that memes are not unique to humans).

Blackmore, Susan. 1999. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Whiten A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W.C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C.E.G., Wrangman, R. W. and Boesch, C. 1999. ACulture in Chimpanzees.@ Nature: 399, 682-685.

Laland, Kevin N. 1999. ANiche construction, biological evolution and cultural change.@ http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/bbs/Archive/bbs.laland.html.

O=Neill, Patricia, and Lewis Petrinovich. 1998. AA Preliminary Cross-Cultural Study of Moral Intuitions.@ Evolution and Human Behavior. 19: 349-367.

Laland, Kevin N. and Odling-Smee, John 1999. ANiche Construction, Biological Evolution and Cultural Change. On the web at: http://www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk/bbs/Archive/bbs.laland.html

Simple models of complex phenomena: The case of cultural evolution. Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd. In The Latest on the Best, 1987, MIT Press. pp 27-52. Copyright, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Campbell, Donald T. 1986. "Rationality and Utility from the Standpoint of Evolutionary Biology" The Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory Edited by Hogarth, R.M. and Einhorn, H.J.

Bonner, John T. The Evolution of Culture in Animals. Chapters 7 and 8, ""The Evolution of Flexible Responses" and "The Evolution of Culture."

Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson, Culture and the Evolutionary Process, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, chapter 1, Overview, chapter 2, Some methodological preliminaries.

Ullman-Margalitt, Edna. 1977. The Emergence of Norms. Chapter 2 "PD Norms." pp. 18-73.

Commentary on Campbell's paper in The American Psychologist, two (?) issues later.

Coleman, James S. 1986. "Social Structure and the Emergence of Norms among Rational Actors." in Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior: Essays in Honor of Anatol Rapoport Edited by A. Diekmann and P. Mitter. Physica-Verlag Heidelberg Wien.

Rotter, Julian. 1980. "Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness and gullibility." American Psychologist January, 1-7.

Russell Hardin. "Trusting persons, trusting institutions." From Strategy and Choice, edited by Richard Zeckhauser, MIT Press, 1991.

Riker, W.H. 1980. "Political Trust as Rational Choice." in Politics as Rational Action, Lewin, Leif and Vedung, Evert.

WEEK SEVEN: THE BASES FOR HUMAN INTELLIGENCE

Gazzaniga, Michael S. 1998. The Mind's Past. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, chapter 7, “The Value of Interpreting the Past.”

Dunbar, Robin, I. M., AThe Social Brain Hypothesis,@ Evolutionary Anthropology, 6(5): 178-190. (This is available on the Web at the site for Evolutionary Anthropology.)

Steven C. Levinson, "Interactional biases in human thinking" in Esther N. Goody (ed.) Social Intelligence and Interaction: Expressions and Implications of the Social Bias in Human Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, 1995. pp 221-246.

Humphrey, N. 2000. Why Grandmothers may need large brains. http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/08/48/cog00000848-00/skoyles.htm

Cummins, Denise Dellarosa, 1998. Social Norms and Other Minds; The Evolutionary Roots of Higher Cognition. In Cummins, D. D. & Allen, C, The Evolution of Mind. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 30-50.

Cummins, Denise Dellarosa, 1998. Adaptive Cognitive Mechanisms: Reasoning about Social Norms and Other Minds. In Special Volume: Common Sense, Reasoning and Rationality@ Proceedings of the 11^th Vancouver Annual Cognitive Science Conference. Oxford University Press.

Wilson, David Sloan, Near, David, and Miller, Ralph R. 1996. AMachiavellianism: A Synthesis of he Evolutionary and Psychological Literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 119: 285-299.

Kummer, Hans, Datson, Lorraine, Gigerenzer, Gerd & Silk, Joan B. AThe Social Intelligence Hypothesis.@ In Weingart, Peter, Mitchell, Sandra D., Richerson, Peter T., and Massen, Sabine (eds.) Human by Nature: Between Biology and the Social Sciences. Pp. 157-179.

Cummins, Denise Dellarosa. 1999. ACheater Detection is Modified by Social Rank: The Impact of Dominance on the Evolution of Cognitive Functions.@ Evolution and Human Behavior: 20: 229-248.

Richard Byrne and Andrew Whiten, 1997. AMachiavellian Intelligence.@ Chapter 1, pp 1-23 in Byrne and Whiten, Machiavellian Intelligence II: Extensions and Evaluations Cambridge University Press.

Gigerenzer, Gerd, 1997. AThe Modularity of Social Intelligence.@ Chapter 10, pp. 264-288 in Byrne and Whiten, Machiavellian Intelligence II: Extensions and Evaluations. Cambridge University Press.

Robin Dunbar, The Trouble with Science, chapters 3 and 7: "A Natural History of Science," and "The Social Brain." Pp 133 & 114-133.

Baron-Cohen, Simon. 1995. Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. Chapters 4 & 5, "Developing Mindreading: The Four Steps" and "Autism and Mindblindness."30-84

Sacks, Oliver. An Anthropologist from Mars. Chapter seven. "An Anthropologist from Mars."

Allman, William F. 1994. The Stone Age Present. In particular, chapters 1, 2., and 3: Introduction, Storming the Citadel, and The Social Brain.

Spberber, Dan, "The modularity of thought and the epidemiology of representations." In Lawrence A. Hirschfeld and Susan A. Gelman (eds.) Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture. Cambridge University Press 1994.

Cosmides, Leda and Tooby, John. "Origins of domain specificity: The evolution of functional organization." In Lawrence A. Hirschfeld and Susan A. Gelman (eds.) Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture. Cambridge University Press 1994.

Richard W. Byrne, "The ape legacy: The evolution of Machiavellian intelligence and anticipatory interactive planning" in Esther N. Goody (ed.) Social Intelligence and Interaction: Expressions and Implications of the Social Bias in Human Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, 1995

David Good, "Where does foresight end and hindsight begin" in Esther N. Goody (ed.) Social Intelligence and Interaction: Expressions and Implications of the Social Bias in Human Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, 1995

Esther Goody, "Social intelligence and prayer as dialogue." in Esther N. Goody (ed.) Social Intelligence and Interaction: Expressions and Implications of the Social Bias in Human Intelligence. Cambridge University Press, 1995.

David Premack and Ann James Premack. "Moral Belief: Form versus content." In Lawrence A. Hirschfeld and Susan A. Gelman (eds.) Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture. Cambridge University Press 1994.

Jolly, Alison, "Lemur Social Behavior and Primate Intelligence," Science, 153, 501-6, 1966.

Harcourt, Alexander H. "Alliances in Contests and Social Intelligence." In Machiavellian Intelligence, Edited by Richard W. Byrne and Andrew Whiten, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988.

Premack, David. " 'Does the Chimpanzee have a theory of Mind?' Revisited." In Machiavellian Intelligence, Edited by Richard W. Byrne and Andrew Whiten, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988.

WEEK EIGHT: ART, STORY TELLING, VERBAL GAMES AND SEXUAL SELECTION

Kanazawa, Satoshi, AParental Investment as a Game of Chicken.@ Politics and the Life Sciences, 19(1), pp. 17-26.

Kagen, Edward H. and Gregory A. Bryant, forthcoming. AMusic and Dance as a Coalition Signaling System,@ Human Nature.

Byrne, Richard. The Thinking Ape. Chapter1 12, 13, 14: "Food for Thought," "Machiavellian Intelligence," and "Testing the theories."

de Waal, Frans. Chimpanzee Politics. Chapter 5. "Social Mechanisms." pp 181-213.

Buss, David and Schmidt, David. 1993. "Sexual Strategies Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating. Psychological Review 100: 204-232.

Miller, Geoffrey F. 2000. The Mating Mind; How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. Doubleday.

Kenrick, Douglas, T., Trost, Melanie R., and Sheets, Virgil L. 1996. APower, Harassment, and Trophy Mates: The Feminist Advantages of an Evolutionary Perspective.@ Chapter 2, in David M. Buss and Neil M. Malamouth, Sex, Power, Conflict; Evolutionary and Feminist Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kanazawa, Satoshi and Kovar, Jody L. 2000. AWhy Beauty is Status.@ Department of Sociology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania.

Cadsby, C. Bram and Maynes, Elizabeth. 1998. AGender and Free Riding in a threshold Public Goods Game: Experimental Evidence.@ Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 34: 603-620.

Kalick, S. Michael, Zebrowitz, Leslie A., Langlois, Judith H, and Johnson, Robert M. 1998. ADoes Human Facial Attractiveness Honestly Advertise Health? Longitudinal Data on an Evolutionary Question.@ Psychological Science, Vol 9, No. 1. January, pp 8-12.

Sapolsky, Robert M. 1997. AThe Trouble with Testosterone.@ Pp.147-160 in The Trouble with Testosterone and other Essays on the Biology of the Human Predicament. New York, Scribner.

Einon, Dorothy. 1994. "Are Men More Promiscuous than Women?" Ethology and Sociobiology 15 131-143.

Shields, Stephanie A. 1975. "Functionalism, Darwinism, and the Psychology of Women: A Study in Social Myth." American Psychologist, 739-754.

Barkow, Jerome H. 1989. Darwin, Sex and Status; Biological Approaches to Mind and Culture. Universtiy of Toronto Press, Chapter 13, "Sexuality and Scenarios," pp. 336-350.

Buss, David M. The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating. Chapters 2 and 3. "What Women Want" and "Men want Something Else."

Ridley, Matt, The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature. Chapters 6,7 & 8. "Polygamy and the nature of men," Monogamy and the nature of women," and "Sexing the mind."

Goldberg, Steven. Why Men Rule. Part 1, "The Inevitability of Patriarchy."

de Waal, Frans. 1995. "Bonobo Sex and Society; The behavior of a close relative challenges assumptions about male supremacy in human evolution." Scientific American March, p. 82.

Ruse, J. P. 1981. "Are there gay genes?" Journal of Homosexuality. 6:5-33.

Dupré, John. "Global versus Local Perspectives on Sexual Difference." In Deborah L. Rhode, (ed.) Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference, pp47-62.

Wilson, James Q. The Moral Sense. Chapter 8 "Gender." Pp. 165-190.

Morgan, Elaine. The Descent of Woman. Chapter 11 "What women want."

Batten, Mary. Sexual Strategies: How Females Choose their Mates. Chapters 1 and 2. "The Universal Mating Game" and "What Females Want: Choosing for resources; Choice by selection of superior genes; Exercising choice by rejection; Choosing mates for their beauty."

Daly, Martin and Margo Wilson. Homicide. Chapter 7: "Why men and not women?" pp. 137-157.

Trivers, Robert. Social Evolution. Chapters 13 and 14. "The Evolution of Sex," and "Female Choice." Pp. 315-360.

Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. Chapter 9. "Battle of the Sexes." Pp. 151-178.

Parker, S.T. 1987. "A Sexual Selection Model for Hominid Evolution." Human Evolution 2: 235-253.

Fisher, Helen. Anatomy of Love: The Mysteries of Mating, Marriage and Why we Stray." Chapter 5: "Blueprint for Divorce: The Four-year itch."

Profet, Margie. "Pregnancy Sickness as Adaptation: A deterrent to Maternal Ingestion of Teratogens." In The Adapted Mind, Barkow, Cosmides and Tooby, pp. 327-366.

Irwin Silverman and Marion Eals. "Sex Differences in Spatial Abilities: Evolutionary Theory and Data." In The Adapted Mind by Barkow, Cosmides and Tooby. pp. 533-554.

Orbell, John, Dawes, Robyn, and Peregrine Schwartz-Shea. 1994. "Trust, Social Categories and Individuals: The Case of Gender." Motivation and Emotion, 18:2, 109-128.

Degler, C. In Search of Human Nature, chapter 12, "Biology and the nature of females." pp 293-309.

Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 1985. Myths of Gender: Biological theories About Women and Men. New York: Basic Books. Especially chapter 6: "Putting Woman in her (Evolutionary) Place"

Symons, Donald. The Evolution of Human Sexuality. Chapters 2 and 9: "Evolution and Human Nature," and "Test cases: Hormones and Homosexuals."

WEEK NINE: BIOLOGY AND ETHICS...A NATURALISTIC FALLACY?

Darwin, Charles, AMoral Sense,@ chapter III of The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.

Preston, Stephanie D and de Waal, Frans B. M. 2001. AEmpathy: Its Ultimate and proximate bases.@ On the web at http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprings/Preston/

Curry, Oliver, London School of Economics. AWhat is the relevance of evolution to ethics?@ Manuscript.

Wilson, Edward O. 1998. AThe Biological Basis of Morality.@ Atlantic Monthly, April, pp. 53-70.

Wilson, James Q. The Moral Sense. Chapter 10. "The Moral Sense and Human Character."

Campbell, Donald T. "Comments on the Sociobiology of Ethics and Moralizing," Behavioral Science, 24: 37-45.

Campbell, Donald T. 1978. "Social morality norms as evidence of conflict between biological human nature and social system requirements." In Gunther Stent (ed.) Morality as a Biological Phenomenon, Universtiy of California Press.

Harsanyi, John. 1985. "Does reason tell us what moral code to follow and indeed to follow any moral code at all?", Ethics, October.

Fried, C. 1978. "Biology and Ethics: Normative Implications." In Gunther Stent (Ed.), Morality as a Biological Phenomenon. Universtiy of California Press.

Barkow, Jerome H. 1989. Darwin, Sex and Status. Chapter 11 (dealing with Boyd and Richerson), "Dual vs. Unitary Evolution.

WEEK TEN: GOOD BEHAVIOR

Frank, Robert. Passions within Reason. Chapter 11, "Human Decency." Pp. 212-236.

Singer, Peter. 1999. A Darwinian Left: Politics, Evolution and Cooperation. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Orbell, J. Dawes, R., and van de Kragt, A. "The limits of multilateral promising." Ethics, vol 100, April 1990. 616-627.

Arnhart, Larry. 1995. The New Darwinian Naturalism in Political Theory. American Political Science Review. 89: 2 (June), pp. 389-400.